ummayad

the umayyad caliphate was the first great muslim empire

umayyad leaders expanded the empire across three continents

arabic became the official language under umayyad rule

the umayyad dynasty founded the city of damascus

umayyad architecture influenced many later islamic buildings

the umayyad period saw significant cultural development

umayyad caliphs established a centralized administration

the umayyad empire faced many rebellions

umayyad coinage spread throughout the mediterranean

the umayyad conquest of spain changed european history

umayyad scholars preserved classical knowledge

the umayyad caliphate ended with the abbasid revolution